A systematic literature review on municipal solid waste management using machine learning and deep learning

Population growth and urbanization have led to a significant increase in solid waste. However, conventional methods of treating and recycling this waste have inherent problems, such as low efficiency, poor precision, high cost, and severe environmental hazards. To address these challenges, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has gained popularity in recent years as a potential solution for municipal solid-waste management (MSWM). A few applications of AI, based on Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques, have been used for MSWM. This study reviews the current landscape in MSWM, highlighting the existing advantages and disadvantages of 69 studies published between 2018 and 2024 using the PRISMA methodology. The applications of ML and DL algorithms demonstrate their ability to enhance decision-making processes, improve resource recovery rates, and promote circular economy principles. Although these technologies offer promising solutions, challenges such as data availability, quality, and interdisciplinary collaboration hinder their effective implementation. The paper suggests future research directions focusing on developing robust datasets, fostering partnerships across sectors, and integrating advanced technologies with traditional waste management strategies. This research aligns with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), particularly Goal 11, which aims to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. In the future, this research can contribute to making cities smarter, greener, and more resilient using ML and DL techniques.