Advances in phototheranostic agents: From imaging to targeted therapy

The recent evolution of phototheranostic agents represents a groundbreaking intersection of diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy, particularly in oncology. This review aims to elucidate the recent advances in phototheranostic agents, highlighting their dual functionality in imaging and targeted therapy. Despite significant progress, several challenges persist, including the optimization of agent specificity, light penetration in tissues, and the potential for off-target effects. The variability in tumor microenvironments presents a significant obstacle, complicating the development of universal phototheranostic agents. Moreover, concerns regarding the long-term stability, potential toxicity, and biocompatibility of these agents necessitate thorough evaluation and optimization. Notably, the complexity of designing nanoparticles that can effectively deliver both imaging and therapeutic modalities poses additional hurdles. Future perspectives in this field emphasize the need for innovative strategies to enhance agent stability, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery. Furthermore, ongoing research focuses on the development of novel light-based techniques and the exploration of combination therapies to improve treatment efficacy. By addressing these challenges, the potential of phototheranostic agents to transform personalized cancer therapy becomes increasingly promising. This review serves as a comprehensive overview of the current landscape, challenges, and future directions in phototheranostic research, ultimately aiming to inform and inspire further investigation in this dynamic field.