Model Checking of Rewards and Penalties in Beacon Chain

Ethereum 2.0 Beacon Chain has adopted the Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to significantly advance the security, scalability, and decentralization of blockchain technology. It has played an integral role in organizing validator operations and addressing scalability issues. The Beacon Chain's rewards and penalty system incentivizes honest behavior and penalizes dishonest actors inside the network. Ensuring the correctness of this mechanism is paramount for guaranteeing the system's integrity. Therefore, this work formally verifies the rewards and penalty mechanism in the Beacon Chain using model checking, a formal methods-based technique. The formal specification of the rewards and penalties processes and several other epoch operations are described using the Communicating Sequential Programs (CSP#) language. The properties for rewards and penalties procedures are specified with Linear Temporal Logic (LTL). The Process Analysis Toolkit (PAT) model checker is utilized for verifying the formal model against the properties. The PAT model checker takes the specified formal model as input and determines whether the properties are satisfied or violated. The properties are examined in terms of verification time, visited states, total transitions, and memory utilization.