Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endangers Egyptian dairy herds

The emergence of pandrug-resistant (PDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VRSA) isolates from bovine milk samples along with biofilm formation ability and harboring various virulence genes complicates the treatment of bovine mastitis and highlights the serious threat to public health. This study investigated for the first time the frequency, antimicrobial resistance profiles, biofilm-forming ability, virulence factors, spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types of MRSA and VRSA isolated from clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in Egypt. A total of 808 milk samples were collected from each quarter of 202 dairy animals, including 31 buffaloes and 171 cattle. The frequency of mastitis in the collected milk samples was 48.4% (60/124) in buffaloes and 29.2% (200/684) in cattle. A total of 65 Staphylococcus species isolates were recovered, including 27 coagulase-positive S. aureus (CoPS) isolates and 38 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). The CoNS included 27 mammaliicocci (20 Mammaliicoccus lentus and 7 M. sciuri) and 11 Non-aureus staphylococci (S. lugdunensis) isolates. All the CoPS isolates were mecA positive and resistant to 20–33 tested antimicrobials with multiple antibiotic resistance index ranging from 0.61 to 1. Three isolates were PDR, four were XDR, and 20 were multidrug resistant isolates. VRSA was detected in 85.2% of CoPS isolates with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 64 to 1024 µg/mL. The vanA gene was found in 60.8%, vanB in 73.9%, and both genes in 43.5% of VRSA isolates. All the CoPS isolates exhibited biofilm formation ability, with 55.6% being strong, and 44.4% moderate biofilm producers, and harbored icaA (74.1%) and icaD (74.1%) biofilm-forming genes. All S. aureus isolates harbored both beta-haemolysin (hlb) and leucotoxin (lukMF) genes, while 44.4% were positive for toxic shock syndrome toxin (tsst) gene. Enterotoxin genes sea, seb, sec, sed, and see were found in 59.3%, 40.7%, 18.5%, 33.3%, and 14.8% of isolates, respectively. Additionally, 70.4% of the isolates had spa X-region gene, and exhibited eight different MRSA spa types (t127, t267, t037, t011, t843, t1081, t2663, and t1575), with spa t127 being the most common. Three SCCmec types (I, II and III) were identified, with SCCmec I being predominant, and were further classified into subtypes 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.n.1, and 4.1.1. The ability of MRSA and VRSA isolates to produce biofilms and resist antimicrobials highlights the serious threat these pathogens pose to bovine milk safety, animal welfare, and public health. Therefore, strict hygiene practices and antimicrobial surveillance are crucial to reduce the risk of MRSA and VRSA colonization and dissemination.