Effects of travel time on mode choice for different locations and genders in Ghana

This study investigates the effects of travel time on mode choice, exploring how urban and rural residents respond to varying travel times when choosing between private vehicles, public transportation, walking, and cycling. The authors applied a multinomial logistic model to the National Household Transport Survey. Compared to walking or cycling modes, the results showed a significant negative correlation between travel time and small public and private transportation. Compared to women, urban men require a travel time of 0–4 h to switch from private motorised transportation to small public modes. Again, urban men and women need 3.5–7.5 h of travel time to choose non-motorized transportation over small public transportation. Compared to walking or cycling to work, the cost and distance of travel for small, large, and private transportation all increase. However, access to private automobiles or motorcycles, as well as living in the upper west, enhances private transportation. Finally, being middle-aged has both positive and negative impacts on small and large public transport, whereas being in the northern region reduces the chance of using it instead of walking or biking. The findings highlight the need for tailored transport policies that consider location and gender differences, travel expenses, and travel distance in order to promote sustainable transport modes and enhance mobility.