Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Predicting Transarterial Chemoembolization Outcomes: A Systematic Review

BackgroundMajor society guidelines recommend transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as the standard of care for intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, predicting treatment response remains challenging.AimsAs artificial intelligence (AI) may predict therapeutic responses, this systematic review aims to assess the performance and effectiveness of radiomics and AI-based models in predicting TACE outcomes in patients with HCC.MethodsA systemic search was conducted on Medline and Embase databases from inception to 7th April 2024. Included studies generated a predictive model for TACE response and evaluated its performance by area under the curve (AUC), specificity, or sensitivity analysis. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case series and reports, pediatric, and animal studies were excluded. Secondary search of references of included articles ensured comprehensiveness.Results64 articles, with 13,412 TACE-treated patients, were included. AI in pre-treatment CT scans provided value in predicting the efficacy of TACE in HCC treatment. A positive association was observed for AI in pre-treatment MRI scans. Models incorporating radiomics had numerically better performance than those incorporating manual measured radiological variables. 39 studies demonstrated that combined predictive models had numerically better performance than models based solely on imaging or non-imaging features.ConclusionA combined predictive model incorporating clinical features, laboratory investigations, and radiological characteristics may effectively predict response to TACE treatment for HCC.