Determination of essential and potentially toxic elements in coffee and tea consumed in Saudi Arabia and assessing their human health impact

Elemental composition of coffee and tea commonly consumed in Saudi Arabia were assessed using neutron activation analysis. The results of conservative estimation of hazard and risk models reveal that the consumption of the examined coffee and tea doesn't pose significant elemental or radiological threats to human health. However, Due to the non-negligible hazard quotient for few elements, attention should be given to control the consumption of black tea to avoid the possible overdose risk of these elements. For more accurate evaluation of health risk, investigations on the actual extraction of elements from tea and ground coffee will be carried out in future studies.