Social impact of Gaokao in China: a critical review of research

This article critically reviews and synthesises the literature to provide an understanding of the key stakeholders’ perceived impact of Gaokao or the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) on Chinese education and society with reference to standardisation and competition in education, based on the neoliberalisation of Chinese education since the reform and opening-up policy. Because of its high stakes, Gaokao is much more than an exam—in fact, it is one of the most crucial competitions in the lives of Chinese students. The test has a deep and lasting impact on nearly all levels and aspects of education in China. In examining this social impact, this article discusses how Chinese education policy is enacted, and how such policy has been shaped by neoliberal globalisation and global education trends. Seeking to provide a holistic view of the impact of Gaokao, we generate insights into education-testing-society connections in China and in a neoliberal world. We argue that language or education tests are not just education tools; they work as policy tools affecting people and society in critical ways. Gaokao and its related educational concerns have relevance beyond Chinese society, as they are rooted in globalisation.