Cost-effective transformation of rutile to anatase and synthesis of Zn2Ti3O8

This study presents two groundbreaking achievements in materials science with significant implications for advanced technologies. First, we report the successful mechanosynthesis of Zn2Ti3O8 through a solvent-free, solid-state reaction between rutile-type TiO2 and ZnO, yielding the compound after 8 hours of milling. Second, we demonstrate a novel reverse phase conversion of TiO2 from rutile to anatase under extreme conditions, involving a highly alkaline (KOH) environment at 160 degrees C, followed by hydrothermal treatment and calcination at 850 degrees C. This unprecedented transformation enhances the anatase phase's morphological, optical, and surface properties, offering substantial advantages for various applications. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis, and FT-IR spectroscopy revealed crucial insights into the materials' structural and optical properties. Notably, bandgap energies estimated from Tauc plots showed a systematic decrease with increasing reaction time, ranging from 3.54 to 3.49 eV for 2 to 10 hours, respectively. Our findings contribute significantly to the field by introducing an environmentally friendly Zn2Ti3O8 synthesis route, challenging conventional phase stability understanding, and providing a method for precise bandgap control. This research not only advances fundamental knowledge but also opens new avenues for developing high-performance materials in energy and environmental applications, potentially revolutionizing next-generation technologies.