Intestinal parasites of domestic pigeons (Columba livia Domestica) in Egypt: update on the prevalence and species diversity

Domestic pigeons are a significant protein source in Egypt, and are also used for racing, ornamentation, and exhibition. They are susceptible to various intestinal parasites, resulting in economic losses from disease and mortality, delayed growth, and reduced productivity. There is limited information available on intestinal parasitic infections in domestic pigeons in Egypt, and reports from some governorates, e.g., Dakahlia, are lacking. In the present study, intestines and faecal contents of 782 adult domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) were examined. These pigeons were clinically ill, i.e., had signs of emaciation, ruffled feathers, and general weakness, and were collected, over one year, from veterinary clinics as well as local bird markets in two Egyptian Nile Delta governorates; Dakahlia (n = 348) and Gharbia (n = 434). Overall, 23.53% of the tested pigeons were infected. Pigeons in Gharbia (28.57%) had a higher statistically significant (p-value < 0.001) prevalence than those in Dakahlia (17.24%). Four parasites were detected with statistically significant (p-value < 0.001) prevalence variations. Eimeria species was the most frequently detected (n = 136; 17.39%), and three species were identified; Eimeria labbeana-like (types A and B), Eimeria columbarum-like, and Eimeria kapotei-like oocysts. The roundworm Ascaridia columbae was detected in 85 (10.87%) pigeons, whereas the tapeworm Raillietina echinobothrida was detected in 24 (3.07%) pigeons. Eggs of Capillaria spp. were only detected in five pigeons (0.64%). Earlier reports on parasitic infections in pigeons from Egypt were reviewed. A brief taxonomic revision on oocysts of various Eimeria species was provided. Oocysts of several Eimeria species from pigeons display minimal differences, and have overlapping morphometrics, causing considerable confusion. Therefore, the classification of Eimeria species of Columbiformes should be thoroughly revised using both morphological and molecular data. This study emphasizes the importance of addressing pigeon parasites from a veterinary perspective in terms of proper diagnosis and control by providing essential data on intestinal parasitic infections in pigeons in Egypt based on current and published data aiming for decreased economic losses.