The World Trade Center exposome and health effects in 9/11 rescue and recovery workers

After the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks, rescue and recovery workers were exposed to many harmful substances and hazardous conditions. We assessed all aspects of these exposures and compared these with responders’ health and work history. We found that exposure to harmful substances and hazardous conditions was associated with all investigated health problems. Working in contaminated areas, in construction, or with blood and body fluids increased health risks. However, being employed full-time seemed to protect against some health issues. This research highlights the need to consider all things that rescue and recovery workers are exposed to during disasters to better understand and prevent health problems during and after future events.