Research on an orchard row centreline multipoint autonomous navigation method based on LiDAR

Orchard intelligent equipment must perform autonomous navigation tasks along fruit tree row centrelines and headlands according to established operational requirements. The tree canopy obstructs satellite signals, limiting the accuracy and stability of the GNSS-based autonomous navigation system. This paper presents a multipoint autonomous navigation method with the orchard row centreline navigation capabilities by integrating light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data. The method begins by constructing a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud map of the orchard via the LIO_SAM algorithm, and a 3D point cloud-totwo-dimensional (2D) grid map algorithm is designed. This algorithm retains the tree trunk position information from the point cloud based on tree trunk features to obtain a 2D grid map for orchard navigation, and the navigation point coordinates were calculated based on tree trunk positions. A multipoint navigation method was designed, where the system automatically determines the completion status of the previous navigation point and sequentially issues navigation point coordinates, enabling autonomous navigation along the row centrelines and headlands during orchard operations. Row centreline navigation tests and headland turning tests were conducted, and the performances of 16-line and 32-line LiDAR with this method are compared. The research results reveal that the multipoint navigation method could achieve movement along orchard row centrelines and deploy autonomous turning. The 32-line LiDAR data demonstrated an average absolute lateral deviation of 1.83 cm, a standard deviation of 1.60 cm, and a maximum deviation of 10.30 cm at a 3-m navigation point interval, indicating greater precision. However, the turning time was longer, with increases of 8.11 % and 6.13 % with the two different turning methods compared to the 16-line LiDAR. The research results provide support for research on autonomous navigation technology for intelligent orchard equipment. (c) 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).