Green hydrogen-solar photovoltaic system hybrid: Life cycle assessment and potential application in Malaysia and Thailand

Green hydrogen, produced through renewable-powered electrolysis, is gaining attention as a key solution for sustainable energy systems. This study assesses the environmental and economic viability of green hydrogen production in Malaysia and Thailand by integrating solar photovoltaic systems with proton exchange membrane and alkaline electrolysis. A dynamic life cycle assessment framework is applied within a cradle-to-grave scope to analyze the greenhouse gas emissions, levelized cost of hydrogen, and long-term sustainability of these systems. Results indicate that solar-powered hydrogen production significantly reduces emissions compared to conventional fossil-fuel-based methods, with electrolysis achieving lower environmental impact per kilogram of hydrogen. However, economic feasibility remains a challenge, with levelized cost of hydrogen values ranging from $5.12 to $14.23/kg H2, heavily influenced by electrolyser capital costs and photovoltaic system capacity. Sensitivity analysis highlights the impact of efficiency improvements and capital cost reductions on hydrogen cost competitiveness. The study present a novel approach by integrating dynamic life cycle, techno-economic analysis, and real-world case studies to provides a region-specific assessment addressing both environmental sustainability and economic feasibility. The findings offer actionable insights for policymakers, energy investors, and industry stakeholders aiming to scale up green hydrogen adoption in Southeast Asia.