Distinguishing Resting State From Motor Imagery Swallowing Using EEG and Deep Learning Models

The primary aim of this study was to assess the classification performance of deep learning models in distinguishing between resting state and motor imagery swallowing, utilizing various preprocessing and data visualization techniques applied to electroencephalography (EEG) data. In this study, we performed experiments using four distinct paradigms such as natural swallowing, induced saliva swallowing, induced water swallowing, and induced tongue protrusion on 30 right-handed individuals (aged 18 to 56). We utilized a 16-channel wearable EEG headset. We thoroughly investigated the impact of different preprocessing methods (Independent Component Analysis, Empirical Mode Decomposition, bandpass filtering) and visualization techniques (spectrograms, scalograms) on the classification performance of multichannel EEG signals. Additionally, we explored the utilization and potential contributions of deep learning models, particularly Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), in EEG-based classification processes. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive examination of the potential of deep learning models, specifically in distinguishing between resting state and motor imagery swallowing processes, using a diverse combination of EEG signal preprocessing and visualization techniques. The results showed that it was possible to distinguish the resting state from the imagination of swallowing with 89.8% accuracy, especially using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based scalograms. The findings of this study may provide significant contributions to the development of effective methods for the rehabilitation and treatment of swallowing difficulties based on motor imagery-based brain computer interfaces.