Induction of W18O49 surface defects by manganese ion (Mn2+) doping to achieve efficient removal of ciprofloxacin in water

Defect engineering, as an effective means to improve catalyst performance, can not only generate efficient catalytic active sites but also provide charge and energy transfer channels. In this study, a manganese ion-doped (Mn2+) W18O49 catalyst was synthesized using a solvothermal method to enhance its catalytic performance for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in water. Under full-spectrum illumination, the Mn2+-doped W18O49 exhibited significant catalytic efficiency, achieving a 74% degradation rate of CIP within one hour, which was 1.8 times that of pure W18O49. Both pure W18O49 and Mn2+-doped W18O49 samples have undergone standard characterization tests commonly used in the field of photocatalytic degradation. Based on the test results, it can be inferred that Mn2+ doping leads to an increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies on the surface of W18O49 by inducing defect engineering, thereby enhancing its photocatalytic activity.