Screening plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria for improving growth and yield of wheat

Aims: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are commonly used as inoculants for improving the growth and yield of agricultural crops, however screening for the selection of effective PGPR strains is very critical. This study focuses on the screening of effective PGPR strains on the basis of their potential for in vitro auxin production and plant growth promoting activity under gnotobiotic conditions. Methods and Results: A large number of bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of wheat plants grown at different sites. Thirty isolates showing prolific growth on agar medium were selected and evaluated for their potential to produce auxins in vitro. Colorimetric analysis showed variable amount of auxins (ranging from 1.1 to 12.1 mg l-1) produced by the rhizobacteria in vitro and amendment of the culture media with L-tryptophan (L-TRP), further stimulated auxin biosynthesis (ranging from 1.8 to 24.8 mg l-1). HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of indole acetic acid (IAA) and indole acetamide (IAM) as the major auxins in the culture filtrates of these rhizobacteria. A series of laboratory experiments conducted on two cv. of wheat under gnotobiotic (axenic) conditions demonstrated increases in root elongation (up to 17.3%), root dry weight (up to 13.5%), shoot elongation (up to 37.7%) and shoot dry weight (up to 36.3%) of inoculated wheat seedlings. Linear positive correlation (r = 0.99) between in vitro auxin production and increase in growth parameters of inoculated seeds was found. Based upon auxin biosynthesis and growth-promoting activity, four isolates were selected and designated as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Auxin biosynthesis in sterilized vs nonsterilized soil inoculated with selected PGPR was also monitored that revealed superiority of the selected PGPR over indigenous microflora. Peat-based seed inoculation with selected PGPR isolates exhibited stimulatory effects on grain yields of tested wheat cv. in pot (up to 14.7% increase over control) and field experiments (up to 27.5% increase over control); however, the response varied with cv. and PGPR strains. Conclusions: It was concluded that the strain, which produced the highest amount of auxins in nonsterilized soil, also caused maximum increase in growth and yield of both the wheat cv. Significance and Impact of Study: This study suggested that potential for auxin biosynthesis by rhizobacteria could be used as a tool for the screening of effective PGPR strains.