International dimensions of coastal zone management

Developments in international agreements, codes and other instruments since the late 1980s suggest major changes in approaching the control of marine pollution compared to those of a decade earlier. The conclusion of international agreements such as the OPRC Convention, revised Oslo/Paris Conventions and decisions taken in the London Dumping Convention, North Sea Ministerial Conference, International Maritime Organization and other form are in part based on revised concepts of pollution, environmental damage and management. The changing approach can be seen in the development of concepts such as precautionary action, best available technology, translocation and environmental restoration. Furthermore these ideas are increasingly reflected in coastal zone measures such as contingency planning, oil spill response, vessel traffic regulation, management and other coastal regulations. Enhanced interest in integrated planning, safety and environmental management in port and coastal areas has revived interest in institutional arrangements and highlighted the need for improved information systems to implement international standards and agreements effectively.