Design and construction of high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators and their biomedical applications

In recent years, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), as a highly efficient energy harvesting technology, shows great potential for biomedical applications. TENGs, by utilizing the friction electric effect, are capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, providing a stable power source for various medical devices. This review focuses on TENGs for biomedical applications. Firstly, the features of TENGs are described, including the unique structural design, material selection, energy input and output, and the realization of biocompatibility, etc. Then the applications of TENG in implantable and non-implantable devices are presented respectively. By analyzing the working principle, design, construction, and application of TENG in different medical fields, this paper demonstrates the great potential of TENG technology in the medical and healthcare fields. In addition, this review discusses the challenges faced by TENGs in practical applications, such as biocompatibility, long-term stability, and integration issues. Then we provide an outlook on the future direction of development. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd