Controllability and observability of tempered fractional differential systems

We study controllability and observability concepts of tempered fractional linear systems in the Caputo sense. First, we formulate a solution for the class of tempered systems under investigation by means of the Laplace transform method. Then, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the controllability, as well as for the observability, in terms of the Gramian controllability matrix and the Gramian observability matrix, respectively. Moreover, we establish the Kalman criteria that allows one to check easily the controllability and the observability for tempered fractional systems. Applications to the fractional Chua's circuit and Chua–Hartley's oscillator models are provided to illustrate the theoretical results developed in this manuscript. © 2024 The Authors