Cement-based structural supercapacitors design and performance: A review

The transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is highly dependent on the feasibility of large-scale renewable energy storage solutions. Supercapacitors are considered a promising option as a practical alternative to traditional energy storage mechanisms due to their high power, exceptional charge and discharge rates, extended lifespan, and eco-friendliness. Cement-based structural supercapacitors (CSSC) are a novel energy storage component that combines electrical energy storage with structural load-bearing capabilities, offering the potential to replace traditional building components and enabling large-scale energy storage at the building level. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of CSSC, with a focus on the strategies for designing highperformance cementitious supercapacitors. The majority of studies to date suggest that the electrochemical and mechanical properties of CSSC can be achieved through appropriate synthesis strategies. We also provide an overview of the application prospects of CSSC, illuminating their potential in various fields. Despite the promising potential of CSSC, there is still a long way to go before their refinement and practical implementation.