Review of soil liquefaction effect on the bridge response and comparative study of P-Y methods for soil liquefaction

Evidence from past earthquakes proposes that the vulnerability of highway bridges, buildings, dams, etc., is significantly affected by extensible ground deformations caused by liquefaction and soil-structure interaction. Still, many aspects need to be considered to find the effect of soil liquefaction during an earthquake, including vertical settlement and horizontal lateral spreading of the soil, preparation of fragility curves by analytical models, and calculation of soil liquefaction with BNWF. According to previous studies, there were different methods for calculating soil liquefaction. The primary objective of this study is to provide a concise overview of preceding research endeavors concerning the liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand within the foundation of bridge structures. A comparative analysis is conducted between the P-multiplier (PM) and the practical method of Dash (DM) methods and compared with using PyLiq1 material in the OpenSees platform. These results propose that the permanent ground deformation due to soil liquefaction should be considered under the ground shaking hazard. According to the comparison study, the moment distribution throughout the pile varies depending on the amount of soil liquefaction or residual soil resistance (Rdc). Therefore, the PyLiq1 material can change the degree of soil liquefaction by soil resistance factor. The other methods inherently have soil resistance and do not get an entire liquefaction state. Finally, if PyLiq1 is considered with 15% residual soil resistance, the three ways get approximately the same value.