Leaf ecological traits (morphology and gas exchange) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in shrubs and trees: A meta-analysis approach☆

The leaves of trees and shrubs can capture atmospheric pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the capacity of uptake depends on the leaf traits. Although numerous studies have measured PAH concentrations in leaves of woody plants and the variability in leaf traits, few have investigated the relationship between these factors. We conducted a literature review to summarize the available information on this topic and found that five types of leaf traits have been studied, with those associated with leaf morphology and gas exchange being the most common. However, the results of the studies are often contradictory. To address these discrepancies, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine how PAH uptake by woody species is affected by leaf ecological traits associated with morphology (leaf area, specific leaf area [SLA], leaf thickness and leaf width/ length ratio [W/L]) and with gas exchange (stomatal conductance, leaf carbon isotopic signature [delta 13C] and stomatal density). The meta-analysis included studies involving at least two different species with comparable PAH concentrations. Many of the studies did not examine the relationship between ecological traits and PAH concentration, and those that did often involve different traits. We therefore used the TRY Plant Trait Database data as the standard source of trait data. Relationships were analyzed by determining differences regarding PAHs and traits and calculating Spearman correlations and their significance. The leaf morphology traits were more closely correlated with PAH concentrations than the gas exchange traits. Thus, morphological traits such as SLA and leaf area can be considered significant predictors of PAH uptake, especially for particulate-associated PAHs. Gas exchange traits showed less consistent correlations, indicating the complexity of factors influencing PAH uptake in leaves. This study highlights the importance of considering multiple leaf traits in order to better understand and predict PAH uptake in woody plants.