Determination of triazine herbicides from water, tea, and juice samples using magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction and magnetic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with HPLC

A novel, environmentally friendly, and efficient method for determining triazine herbicides in water, tea, and juice was developed by combining magnetic dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (MD-mu SPE) with magnetic dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (MDLLME), followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The pretreatment process, utilized magnetic biochar (MBC) and magnetic deep eutectic solvent (MDES) as the adsorbent and extractant, respectively. Fe(NO3)(3) was loaded onto waste mushroom sticks to prepare MBC via impregnation-pyrolysis, while tri-n-butylphosphine oxide, nonanoic acid, and FeCl3 were combined through hydrogen bonds to form MDES. This approach significantly reduced environmental impact using waste materials and shortened separation times. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (1-100 mu g L-1), low detection limits (0.3 mu g L-1), and good precision (RSDs <6.5 %). Recoveries in water, tea, and juice ranged from 80.1 % to 90.6 %. This combined MD-<mu>SPE-MDLLME approach offers a greener and more efficient extraction process for separating and concentrating pesticides from complex food samples.