Analysis of the Impact of Selected Dynamic Parameters of a Motor Vehicle on CO2 Emissions Using Logistic Regression

The article analyzes the impact of selected operational parameters of internal combustion engine vehicles on CO2 emissions. The study was preceded by a detailed analysis of the issues related to CO2 emissions in the EU, with a focus on Poland, where the tests were conducted. The key scientific assumption is that individual vehicle users' behaviors significantly impact global CO2 emissions. Daily use of private vehicles, driving style, and attention to fuel efficiency contribute to cumulative effects that can drive the transformation toward more sustainable transport. Therefore, the study was conducted using real-time empirical data obtained from the vehicles' OBD (On-Board Diagnostics) diagnostic systems. This approach enabled the creation of a diagnostic tool allowing each vehicle user to assess CO2 emissions and ultimately manage its levels, which is the biggest innovation of the work. Two levels of CO2 emissions were identified as categorical variables in the model, considered either ecological or non-ecological from the perspective of sustainable transport. The CO2 emission threshold of 200 g/km was adopted based on the average age of vehicles in Poland (14.5 years) and Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Three models of logistic regression dedicated to different driving cycle phases-starting, urban driving, and highway driving-were proposed and compared. This study demonstrated that during vehicle starting, the most significant factors influencing the probability of ecological driving are vehicle velocity, relative engine load, and relative throttle position, while for the other two types of movement, engine power and torque should also be considered. The logistic regression model for vehicle start-up obtained a value of sensitivity at about 82% and precision at about 85%. In the case of urban driving, the values of the discussed parameters reach significantly higher levels, with sensitivity at around 96% and precision at about 92%. In turn, the model related to highway driving achieved the highest values among the created models, with sensitivity at around 97% and precision at about 93%.