Susceptibility of Lymantria dispar to Beauveria bassiana under short-term Cd stress: Humoral immunostimulation cannot offset cellular immunotoxicity

Heavy metal is a serious environmental pollutant with all kinds of biotoxic effects. The immunomodulatory effects of Cd stress on Lymantria dispar larvae and its underlying mechanisms were investigated. The susceptibility of Cd-treated larvae to Beauveria bassiana (Bb) was significantly increased by 27.50 %. The hemocyte count, melanization, encapsulation activities, and expression levels of related regulatory genes (e.g. PPO1 and DSCAM) ) in the Cd and Cd+Bb +Bb groups were markedly lower than those in CK and CK+Bb +Bb groups. Hemocyte compensation through the apoptosis inhibitor significantly increased the melanization, encapsulation, and the survival rate of larvae in the Cd+Bb +Bb group by 100.00 %, 74.03 %, and 18.33 %, respectively. The expression of signal transduction and effector genes (e.g. Gloverin) ) was significantly elevated in Cd-treated larvae both before and after Bb infection. Silencing Gloverin resulted in a 9.17 % increase in susceptibility of Cd-treated larvae to Bb. Cd exposure induced humoral immunostimulation in larvae through the CncC-Gloverin pathway, as evidenced by that silencing CncC resulted in a 71.07 % decrease in Gloverin expression and a 19.73 % increase in larval mortality in Cd+Bb +Bb group. Overall, the humoral immunostimulation induced by Cd stress in L. dispar larvae were insufficient to counteract the cellular immunotoxicity during Bb infection.