Impact of Mechanization Development on Women and Hired Labor Utilizations of Small-Scale Rice Farming Operations in Kampar Region, Indonesia

This research examines the impact of mechanization development on women and hired labor utilization of small-scale rice farming operations in Kampar Region. Surveys were conducted in Kuok and Bangkinang districts of the region during July–August 2018. Sixty women farmers were purposively selected for samples and interviewed personally to collect primary data. Data were analyzed using descriptive–quantitative and simple regression techniques. The mechanization development in small-scale rice farming gradually reduced women and hired labor utilization. The time requirement for performing rice farming operations was relatively high to account for 602.56 h ha－1. Most of the hours were required for manual operations, primarily weeding, transplanting and harvesting. Whilst, the working hours with mechanized operations reduced significantly, including ploughing, harvesting, threshing, and milling. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.