Factors affecting the properties of composites made by 4D printing (moldless composites manufacturing)

3D printing is the process where layers of materials are deposited to make structures of complex geometries. 4D printing is a process that combines 3D printing with the application of some activating agent in order to change the shape of the manufactured part after the process, e.g. the flat structure will change its shape to take up the desired complicated shape such as “curved” or “S” shaped. As such the 3D printing process does not have to spend time to print the intricate parts, and the process can be faster. The requirement for 4D printing is that materials with special characteristics that are responsive to an activating agent need to be used. 4D printing of composites utilizes the same concept of 4D printing, except that the materials used are long fiber composite materials. 4D printing of composites utilizes the shrinkage of the matrix resin, and the difference in coefficients of thermal contraction of layers with different fiber orientations to activate the change in shape upon curing and cooling. This behavior can be used to make parts with curved geometries without the need for a complex mold. As such manufacturing of pieces of curved shapes can be fast and economical. However, the degree of shape changing depends on the material properties, the fiber orientation, the lay up sequence and the manufacturing process. This paper presents the results obtained from a study on the effects of these aspects on the shape of the curved parts. © 2017, © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.