Numerical analysis of particle behavior penetrating into liquid by level set method

A numerical analysis technique using the level set method has been developed to calculate the critical velocity of a particle for penetration into liquid. The contact angle, a dominant factor in this phenomenon, is given by a virtual liquid surface inside a solid wall. A Cartesian grid method with immersed boundaries is also applied in order to accurately express the boundaries of a moving particle. Current results agree with other calculated and experimental results in both contact-angle problems and immersed-boundary problems. Finally, calculations of a particle impinging on a liquid surface have been carried out. Current results of the critical velocity agree with the experimental results and theoretical results.