Research Progress on Anode Materials for Low Temperature Metal-ion Batteries

The increasingly serious environmental pollution and greenhouse effecthave promoted the development and utilization of secondary energy sources. Lithium-ion battery (LIB)is environmentally friendly and has high energy density, which undoubtedly becomes the most promising energy storage carrier. However, it is still not completely satisfied for the wide temperature applications, especially in sub-zero field. At low-temperature, lithium ions are difficult to insert into graphite anode and easily deposite to form lithium dendrite during charging, which makes the performance of battery deteriorating sharply, and causes serious safety problems. In order to well perform the LIBs at low temperature, many researchers have tried to introduce different additives into the electrolyte, which improves the composition of SEI and desolvation process of lithium ions, greatly reducing the charge transfer resistance. However, the commercial graphite anode has a poor ionic diffusivity and very low lithiation potentials, which seriously affect the low temperature performance of LIBs. Therefore, it is necessary to seek alternative anode materials with better cold resistance. Among the intercalation anode materials, lithium titanate and titanium dioxides have good low-temperature performance. However, their low energy density limits their wide application. The research of titanium based anodes focus on further enhancing their high-rate capability at low temperature. The Li-alloying reactions in alloy-based anode materials are easy to take place at low temperature. And in particular, the moderate lithiation potentials of alloys also enable the anodes having high capacity and higher safety at low temperature. The conversion-type anode materials usually have higher pseudo capacitance effect, and their rapid surface reaction is less affected by temperature change. These ensure fast charge-discharge capability for the conversion anodes at low-temperature. New type metal-ion batteries (Na-ion, K-ion, Mg-ion)have been widely attracted due to their abundant resources and the better intrinsic low-temperature performance than LIBs. They could be important alternative energy storage divides for low-temperature applications as assembling with the suitable anode materials. This review summarizes the research progress of anode materials, classified with the storage mechanism of metal ions, for lithium-ion battery and metal-ion battery anode materials for low-temperature application. The development trends of low-temperature anode materials have been also prospected. © 2023 Cailiao Daobaoshe/ Materials Review. All rights reserved.