A discussion on practices and characteristics of science and technology diplomacy in twentieth-century China

Scientists and diplomats have significant differences in professional skil s, activity time and work content, but they should work together. With the deepening impact of science and technology(S&T) on socio-economic development and international relations, S&T has become a crucial component of national strategies, particularly for diplomacy.There is a need for scientific evidence and advice, meaning that mastering more knowledge and skil s in S&T would be helpful in negotiations. This paper analyses the ideas of S&T diplomacy, including a review of its 40-year history in China, its definition(with detailed connotations) and its characteristics. The paper focuses on the significant role of people-to-people communication in S&T, which may inform future work. Five suggestions are given to strengthen the strategic planning of S&T diplomacy:(1) A more clarified, strategic goal of future-oriented S&T diplomacy is required;(2) It is important to build a theoretical system for China to describe S&T diplomacy;(3) The creation of a global S&T cooperation map that adapts to the new type of international relations would be valuable;(4) Fairness and justice shal be maintained, while a reform of the global S&T governance system is promoted;(5) It is a must to adhere to bottom-line thinking and strengthen risk prediction and emergency responses.