Gram-Negative Colonization and Bacterial Translocation Drive Neonatal Sepsis in the Indian Setting

Background The gut microbiota, comprising billions of microorganisms, plays a pivotal role in health and disease. This study aims to investigate the effect of sepsis on gut microbiome of neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Methods A prospective cohort study was carried out in the NICU of tertiary care hospital in Karnataka, India, from January 2021 to September 2023. Preterm neonates with birth weight < 1500 g and gestational age < 37 weeks were recruited, excluding those with congenital gastrointestinal anomalies, necrotizing enterocolitis, or blood culture-negative infections. The study population was divided into three groups: healthy neonates (Group A), neonates with drug-sensitive GNB sepsis (Group B), and neonates with pan drug-resistant GNB sepsis (Group C). Stool samples were collected aseptically, snapped in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 degrees C for extraction of DNA and microbiome analysis. Results The gut microbiota of healthy neonates (Group A) was dominated by Proteobacteria (24.04%), Actinobacteria (27.13%), Firmicutes (12.74%), and Bacteroidetes (3%). Predominant genera included Bifidobacterium (55.17%), Enterobacter (12.55%), Enterococcus (50.69%), Streptococcus (7.92%), and Bacteroides (3.58%).Groups B and C, the microbiota exhibited higher Proteobacteria abundance (57.16% and 66.58%, respectively) and reduced diversity of beneficial bacteria. Notably, the presence of sepsis was associated with an increase in pathogenic bacteria and a decrease in beneficial commensal bacteria. Conclusion Neonates with sepsis exhibited significant gut microbiome dysbiosis, characterized by increased Proteobacteria and reduced beneficial bacteria diversity. These findings highlight the potential of microbiome profiling as a diagnostic tool and underscore the importance of gut microbiota modulation in managing neonatal sepsis.