Error Codes in and for Network Steganography

We illustrate the inter-relationship between network steganography and error coding through examples where error codes (correction or erasure codes) are used in steganographic channels and examples where steganographic channels are established in data on which error codes are applied. In particular, we experimentally investigate an existing approach of a steganographic channel in a transmission with error correction code with respect to bandwidth, robustness and detectability, and expand this construction to provide another example of multi-level steganography, i.e., a steganographic channel within a steganographic channel.