Clinicopathological Pattern of Renal Biopsies in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome

Background: A renal biopsy is essential for the identification and management of renal disorders. Although considered an invasive operation, it is necessary for a definitive diagnosis and treatment of many renal diseases.The primary goal of this study was to assess the clinicopathological aspect of renal diseases undergoing biopsy in children receiving tertiary care. Patients and Methods: Children (<= 18 years) hospitalized with nephrotic syndrome were the subjects of this cross-sectional study, and comprehensive assessments confirmed the need for a kidney biopsy. Included were 277 children who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data on patient outcomes, biopsy indications, complications, histopathologic results, and demographic information were documented. Results: Of the 277 patients who underwent renal biopsy, 63.2% were male, and 36.8% were female. Average age of the patients was 15 +/- 2.9 years, with age distribution ranging from 3 to 18 years. The most frequent indication for renal biopsy was atypical age of <1 and >10-years-old (91.7%), steroid-resistant (5.1%), asymptomatic hematuria (21.3%), abnormal glomerular filtration rate (16.2%), and proteinuria (14.8%). The most common histopathological findings were focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (36.5%), followed by minimal change disease (MCD) (13.4%), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) (10.5%), membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) (7.94%), IgA nephropathy (IGAN) (7.58%), non-proliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN) (7.58%), diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN) (6.9%), crescentic GN (5.8%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (3.97%). The high frequency of positive samples was seen in SLE, followed by DPGN, MPGN, IGAN, and MGN. In contrast, MCD, crescentic GN, and NPGN showed negativity in all differential item functioning (DIF) parameters. Conclusion: Renal biopsy is a safe and effective procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of in children with nephrotic syndrome. FSGS had the highest frequency in examined biopsies.