Neurobehavioral toxicity induced by combined exposure of micro/ nanoplastics and triphenyltin in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)

Microplastics/nanoplastics (MNPs) inevitably coexist with other pollutants in the natural environment, making it crucial to study the interactions between MNPs and other pollutants as well as their combined toxic effects. In this study, we investigated neurotoxicity in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to polystyrene micro/ nanoplastics (PS-MNPs), triphenyltin (TPT), and PS-MNPs + TPT from physiological, behavioral, biochemical, and genetic perspectives. The results showed that marine medaka exposed to 200 ng/L TPT or 200 mu g/L PS -NPs alone exhibited some degree of neurodevelopmental deficit, albeit with no significant behavioral abnormalities observed. However, in the PS -MP single exposure group, the average acceleration of short-term behavioral indices was significantly increased by 78.81%, indicating a highly stress -responsive locomotor pattern exhibited by marine medaka. After exposure to PS-MNPs + TPT, the swimming ability of marine medaka significantly decreased. In addition, PS-MNPs + TPT exposure disrupted normal neural excitability as well as activated detoxification processes in marine medaka larvae. Notably, changes in neural -related genes suggested that combined exposure to PS-MNPs and TPT significantly increased the neurotoxic effects observed with exposure to PS-MNPs or TPT alone. Furthermore, compared to the PS -MPs + TPT group, PS -NPs + TPT significantly inhibited swimming behavior and thus exacerbated the neurotoxicity. Interestingly, the neurotoxicity of PS -MPs was more pronounced than that of PS -NPs in the exposure group alone. However, the addition of TPT significantly enhanced the neurotoxicity of PS -NPs compared to PS -MPs + TPT. Overall, the study underscores the combined neurotoxic effects of MNPs and TPT, providing in-depth insights into the ecotoxicological implications of MNPs coexisting with pollutants and furnishing comprehensive data.