A synergistic enhancement strategy for mechanical and conductive properties of hydrogels with dual ionically cross-linked κ-carrageenan/poly (sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) network

Applying conductive hydrogels in electronic skin, health monitoring, and wearable devices has aroused great research interest. Yet, it remains a significant challenge to prepare conductive hydrogels simultaneously with superior mechanical, self-recovery, and conductivity performance. Herein, a dual ionically cross-linked double network (DN) hydrogel is fabricated based on K+ + and Fe3+ 3 + ion cross-linked kappa- carrageenan (kappa-CG) kappa- CG) and Fe3+ 3 + ion cross-linked poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) co-acrylamide) P(AANa-co-AM). Benefiting from the abundance of hydrogen bonds and metal coordination bonds, the conductive hydrogel has excellent mechanical properties (fracture strain up to 1420 %, fracture stress up to 2.30 MPa, and toughness up to 20.63 MJ/m3) 3 ) and good self-recovery performance (the recovery rate of the toughness can reach 85 % after waiting for 1 h). Meanwhile, due to the introduction of dual metal ions of K+ + and Fe3+, 3 + , the ionic conductivity of conductive hydrogel is up to 1.42 S/m. Furthermore, the hydrogel strain sensor has good sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 2.41 (0-100 %). It can be a wearable sensor that monitors different human motions, such as sit-ups. This work offers a new synergistic strategy for designing a hydrogel strain sensor with high mechanical, self-recovery, and conductive properties.