The source, transport, deposition and direct radiative effect of mineral dust over western China: A modeling study of July 2022 with focus on the Tibetan Plateau

A Regional Air Quality Model System (RAQMS) driven by WRF was applied to explore the emission, transport, deposition, and direct radiative effect of mineral dust over western China in July 2022, with focus on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Model validation against ground and satellite observations demonstrated the model reproduced meteorological variables, PM10 concentration, aerosol optical depth (AOD), and extinction coefficients in the vertical reasonably well. There was a dust event during 3-7 July 2022, which was originated from the Taklimakan Desert (TKD) and affected eastern and central TP under anticyclonic flows, resulting in the maximum hourly PM10 concentration exceeding 50 mu g m- 3 in Lhasa. Shortwave radiation was reduced considerably by dust aerosols over eastern TP, with the maximum decrease in daytime mean shortwave radiation reaching 30 W m- 2 around Nyingchi on 5 July. Anthropogenic aerosols dominated PM10 mass in the capital cities of western China (54-67 %), while dust aerosols were dominant in the cities near the deserts. During this dust event, dust aerosols from TKD and Qaidam Desert (QDD) significantly influenced eastern TP, with dust contributions to PM10 mass concentration of 52 %, 76 % and 69 %, respectively, in Chamdo, Lhasa and Nyingzhi, respectively. The total dust emission in western China was about 10.6 Tg in July 2022, with the largest contribution from TKD (63.5 %), followed by Gobi Desert (GB) (26 %). The total deposition of dust was estimated to be 6.2 Tg, in which TKD and GB contributed 66 % and 22 %, respectively. During the study period, about 418 Gg dust aerosols were deposited on TP, 49 % of which was from TKD and 25 % from QDD. Foreign dust sources contributed approximately 7 % and 9 % to dust concentration and total deposition over TP, respectively. Over southern TP, the source contribution to dust deposition was estimated to be 42 %, 24 % and 21 % from TKD, foreign sources and QDD, respectively, suggesting potentially important impact of long-range transboundary dust transport on deposition, surface albedo and climate over TP.