Limits on non-relativistic matter during Big-bang nucleosynthesis

Big-bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) probes the cosmic mass-energy density at temperatures similar to 10 MeV to similar to 100 keV. Here, we consider the effect of a cosmic matter-like species that is non-relativistic and pressureless during BBN. Such a component must decay; doing so during BBN can alter the baryon-to-photon ratio, eta, and the effective number of neutrino species. We use light element abundances and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) constraints on eta and N-nu to place constraints on such a matter component. We find that electromagnetic decays heat the photons relative to neutrinos, and thus dilute the effective number of relativistic species to N-eff < 3 for the case of three Standard Model neutrino species. Intriguingly, likelihood results based on Planck CMB data alone find N-nu = 2.800 +/- 0.294, and when combined with standard BBN and the observations of D and He-4 give N-nu = 2.898 +/- 0.141. While both results are consistent with the Standard Model, we find that a nonzero abundance of electromagnetically decaying matter gives a better fit to these results. Our best-fit results are for a matter species that decays entirely electromagnetically with a lifetime tau(X) = 0.89 sec and pre-decay density that is a fraction xi = (rho(X)/rho(rad)|(10 MeV) = 0.0026 of the radiation energy density at 10 MeV; similarly good fits are found over a range where xi tau(1/2)(X) is constant. On the other hand, decaying matter often spoils the BBN+CMB concordance, and we present limits in the (tau(X),xi) plane for both electromagnetic and invisible decays. For dark (invisible) decays, standard BBN (i.e. xi = 0) supplies the best fit. We end with a brief discussion of the impact of future measurements including CMB-S4.