Clinical trial designs to assess treatment effects on glomerular filtration rate decline

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline is used as surrogate endpoint for kidney failure. Interventions that reduce chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression often exert acute GFR reductions which differ from their long-term benefits and complicate the estimation of long-term benefit. Here, we assessed the utility of two alternative trial designs (wash-out design and active run-in randomized withdrawal design) that attempt to exclude the impact of acute effects. Post-hoc analyses of two clinical trials that characterized the effect of an intervention with acute reductions in GFR were conducted. The two trials included a wash-out period (EMPA-REG Outcome testing empagliflozin vs placebo) or an active run-in period with a randomized withdrawal (SONAR testing atrasentan vs placebo). We compared the drug effect on GFR decline calculated from the first on-treatment visit to the end of treatment (chronic slope in a standard randomized trial design) with GFR change calculated from randomization to end of wash out, or GFR change from treatment-specific baseline GFR values (GFR at start-of-run-in for placebo and end-of-run-in for atrasentan) until end-of-treatment. The effect of empagliflozin versus placebo on chronic GFR slope was 1.72 (95% confidence interval 1.49-1.94) mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year, similar to total GFR decline from baseline to the end of wash-out period using a linear mixed model 1.64 (1.44-1.85) mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year). The effect of atrasentan versus placebo on chronic GFR slope was 0.72 (0.32-1.11) mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year, similar to total slope from a single slope model when estimated from treatment specific baseline GFR values 0.77 (0.39-1.14) mL/min/1.73 m(2)/year). Statistical power of the two designs outperformed the standard randomized design. Thus, wash-out and active-run-in randomized-withdrawal trial designs are appropriate models to compute treatment effects on GFR decline.