Coral black band disease in Indonesia: An overview

Coral reefs stand out as exceptionally diverse ecosystems globally, serving crucial roles as nurseries and nutrient sources for marine life. Beyond their significance for marine ecosystems, these reefs play a vital role in shielding humans from erosion by acting as barriers against waves and storms. Unfortunately, the existence of coral reefs faces a threat from black band disease, particularly in Indonesia. This disease can lead to a rapid decline in coral reefs, characterized by microbial mat presence containing filamentous cyanobacteria consortium, resulting in tissue loss, lesions, and mortality. The limited awareness of this disease in Indonesia compounds the issue. In this review, we aim to present comprehensive information on black band disease, covering its definition, historical context, cases in Indonesia, and potential contributing factors, drawing from secondary sources. There are 29 documented cases of black band disease in Indonesia, scattered across Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, NTT, and Papua, with Acropora and Montipora being the most frequently affected coral genera. Given the relatively silent nature of these cases, it is imperative to bring greater attention to black band disease in Indonesia. Microbiome engineering emerges as a suggested treatment. This literature review serves to enhance awareness of black band disease and marine biodiversity in Indonesia.