Syndemics in women 's health: poverty, social exclusion, and clustering of thrombotic and hemostasis disorders

A State of the Art lecture titled "Syndemics in Women 's Health: Poverty, Social Exclusion and Clustering of Thrombotic and Haemostasis Disorders " was presented at the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) Congress in 2023. Syndemics are characterized by the clustering of speci fic health conditions in vulnerable populations. These populations become vulnerable as a result of large-scale social, political, and economic factors that in fluence social determinants of health and increase susceptibility to disease. Vulnerable populations at risk of experiencing a syndemic include those who are subjected to social exclusion and gender- or race-based marginalization. Biological sex (assigned at birth based on physical & genetic differences) and gender identity (the personal sense of ones own gender) have been recognized as important determinants of health outcomes in the context of certain syndemic diseases. Potential examples of syndemic biosocial interactions in the field of thrombosis and hemostasis include the effect of social determinants of health in perpetuating the global maternal mortality crisis and the role of poverty and marginalization in in fluencing thrombosis risk in socially excluded individuals. Initiatives directed at prevention and treatment of syndemic conditions require multilevel interventions directed at the socio-economic as well as the biological determinants of the disease. In the present article, we describe potential syndemic disease interactions in the field of thrombosis and hemostasis, and we summarize some relevant new data relating to the social determinants of health presented during the 2023 ISTH Congress.