How to promote cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly technology: a case of agricultural biotechnology in China

This study explored the factors influencing cooperative innovation in environmentally friendly agricultural biotechnology in China. First, we constructed an evolutionary game model comprising the factors of net in- come of cooperative innovation, net income of independent innovation, market constraints, and government subsidies. Using MATLAB simulation, we assigned different values to the aforementioned variables to explore the evolutionary trend of innovators' willingness to cooperate. Results showed that when the values of net in- come of cooperative innovation, net income of independent innovation, market constraints, and government subsidies exceeded the threshold, innovators' willingness to cooperate was significantly enhanced. Further- more, the proportion of innovators who cooperated with others gradually increased to 100%; otherwise, it gradually decreased to 0%. Comparing the simulation curve with the real evolution curve of cooperative inno- vation in agricultural biotechnology in China, we found that the gradual decline in the willingness to cooper- ate could be due to insufficient subsidies for cooperative innovation, low income from cooperative innovation, weak profitability of innovators, and weak market constraints.