Systematic Review of Factors Related to PM2.5 Exposure on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in many countries, and most of them are type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Air pollution is thought to contribute to the T2DM incidence, and one of the most important pollutants is PM 2.5 . This study aimed to determine factors related to PM 2.5 exposure and individual factors in increasing the risk of T2DM based on a systematic review. The PRISMA was used as a method of data collection and selection. Of 176 relevant articles identified and screened, 12 articles from various countries published in 2013-2021 were synthesized in this study. Results showed that long-term PM 2.5 exposure, high PM 2.5 concentrations, and living in densely-populated areas, close to roads, and in areas with industrial activity could increase the risk of T2DM. Population with an older age (>40 years) and a BMI of overweight or obese were more vulnerable. However, men and persons who stopped or never smoked were also at higher risk; thus, further studies need to be carried out along with other risk factors. A future study is recommended to determine the effects of PM 2.5 exposure on the incidence of T2DM in Indonesian populations.