Biomimetic/Bioderived Nanoengineered Interfaces for Biosensor Applications: A Review

Nature inspires technological innovation through unique micronanostructured surfaces, such as fish fins, lotus leaves, butterfly wings, rose petals, a bird's spongy bone, etc. These structures exhibit capabilities beyond conventional engineering, making biomimetics a key focus of scientific research. Integrating nanotechnology, biology, and bioengineering has significantly propelled the development of nanomaterials with distinct functions and properties. This interdisciplinary synergy has extensively advanced biomimetic nanomaterials. This review highlights biomimetic nanomaterials, with an emphasis on state-of-the-art sensing devices. In addition to this, it furnishes an extensive compendium of investigations into synthesis and fabrication of biomimetic nanomaterials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), carbon-based biomimetic nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), for biosensor development. We have focused on their applications in disease diagnostics within healthcare while also addressing their role in environmental monitoring and agriculture. This comprehensive review aims to impart an insightful understanding of the scientific complexities associated with these technologies and concludes with an appraisal of current challenges and future developments.