Digital twin (DT) and extended reality (XR) for building energy management

In the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), sustainable development, especially in building energy management, is not optional but essential. This study aims to explore the multifaceted impact of Digital Twin (DT) and Extended Reality (XR) technologies on building energy management. Based on a comprehensive review of DT and XR, this research identifies the limitations of each technology and discusses the importance of their integration across three key aspects: (i) energy consumption management, (ii) indoor environment quality and occupants' comfort management, and (iii) facility management. Through a comprehensive review, this study illustrates the pivotal roles these technologies play in not only reducing carbon emissions but also in elevating occupant comfort and facilitating efficient building operations. As a result, it is important to integrate DT and XR for building energy management, enhance collaboration, and optimize energy systems through human-building interaction and a metaverse environment. Moreover, this study proposed DT and XR integrated solutions for building energy management, emphasizing the need for fidelity, interoperability, and data security. Ultimately, this paper offers a novel perspective on leveraging DT and XR towards achieving greater sustainability in building, suggesting future research directions and practical applications for industry professionals and scholars.