Using spatial capture-recapture models to estimate spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) population density and assess the influence of sex-specific covariates on space use and detection probability

Despite being resident or reintroduced to multiple South African protected areas, spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta) have been subject to limited population monitoring and are not managed in the same intensive way as other large carnivores. Considering the species' significant influence on ecosystem processes, robust estimates of population density are necessary to inform conservation management. In this study, we ran a single-season camera trap survey in the Main Camp section of Addo Elephant National Park (Addo), South Africa, and used spatial capture-recapture (SCR) models to estimate spotted hyaena population density. Spotted hyaena density was estimated to be 11.13 (+/- SE 1.96) individuals/100 km(2), with an estimated abundance of 37 (+/- SE 6.44) individuals. Using our database of sexed spotted hyaena individuals, we found no significant difference for sex-specific SCR parameters (baseline encounter probability and spatial scale parameter), suggesting the incorporation of sex-specific information may not be as necessary for spotted hyaena as it is for territorial felids and other species with more pronounced differences in range size. Spotted hyaena density in Addo was comparable to previous SCR studies and towards the higher end of known densities. Our estimate provides an important baseline for monitoring reintroduction success in Addo, and we advocate for increased SCR monitoring of spotted hyaena in South African protected areas to inform a metapopulation approach to the species' management.