A novel hybrid enhanced oil recovery technique to enhance oil production from oil-wet carbonate reservoirs by combining electrical heating with nanofluid flooding

Enhanced Oil Recovery provides a promising technique to maximise fossil fuel recovery from existing resources, and when used in conjunction with Carbon Capture and Storage/Utilisation provides a way to support a transition to alternative cleaner fuels. A hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery method by a combination of electrical heating and nanofluid flooding was applied to oil-wet carbonate reservoirs and assessed in terms of the oil production, zeta potential, contact angle, pellet compaction, interfacial tension, and pH values. The hybrid technique consisted of a combination of direct current (up to 30 V) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) or magnesium oxide (MgO) nanofluids. Both nanofluids were injected into oil-wet Austin chalk - our laboratory model of an oil-wet carbonate reservoir - and then electrical heating was started, or vice versa. Introducing electrical heating first increased oil recovery by up to 27% in seawater compared to 16% in deionised water. When Fe2O3 nanofluid was injected, oil recovery further increased to 32% in seawater and 24% in deionised water. The contact angle and zeta potential decreased from 124 degrees to 36 degrees and from -24.4 to -23.7 mV, respectively, when nanofluid was injected in seawater, leading to better nanofluid stability and penetration into the carbonate rock as shown by increased pellet porosity from 6.6% to 14.8%. Moreover, it was found that the interfacial tension was reduced from 72 to 32.7 mN/m in the pre-magnetised samples with Fe2O3 NPs injection compared to 33.2 mN/m in the samples with MgO injection. It was found from our experiments that the effect of the generated electricity on the surface charge was of a temporary nature as the zeta potential of the rock returned to its original value as soon as the power was disconnected. The mechanism underlying the hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery EOR technique from the laboratory findings was found to be based on electrowetting and nanofluid adsorption. Results indicate that the technique is promising for further improving oil recovery and securing energy supply during the transition to net zero.