Knowledge and Perception of Anti-obesity Medications Among Primary Healthcare Center Visitors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in 2024: An Analytical Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Obesity is a significant public health concern globally, with an alarming prevalence in Saudi Arabia. While anti-obesity medications (AOMs) offer a pharmacological approach to weight management, their awareness and perception remain underexplored. Objective: To assess the knowledge, perception, and prevalence of AOM usage among primary healthcare visitors in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 361 primary healthcare visitors aged 18 to 60 in Jeddah. Data on demographics, knowledge, and usage of AOMs were collected using a structured online questionnaire. The study employed a multistage sampling technique to ensure a representative sample. Statistical analyses included median and interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables and frequencies and proportions for categorical variables. Knowledge differences were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis test. A pilot study with 10% of the sample was conducted to refine the questionnaire. Approval from the Ethics Committee was obtained, and participants provided informed consent. Results: The study found a median knowledge score of 44.4% regarding AOMs. Significant associations were noted between higher knowledge levels and educational attainment (p=0.008), healthcare worker status (p=0.009), monthly income (p=0.029), and previous use of weight loss medications (p<0.001). The most commonly used AOM was Ozempic (13.0%). Social media emerged as the most common source of information, positively correlating with higher knowledge levels (p=0.006). Additionally, 72.0% of participants were aware that not everyone is suitable for AOMs, and 78.9% understood that these medications are more effective when combined with diet and exercise. Side effects awareness varied, with 32.1% recognizing nausea and vomiting and 55.4% aware of the increased risks of pancreatitis. Conclusion: The study reveals that primary healthcare visitors in Jeddah have a moderate level of knowledge about AOMs, with significant differences based on education, professional status, and sources of information. To improve awareness and appropriate use of AOMs, targeted educational interventions should be implemented. These interventions could help reduce obesity-related health issues by ensuring that individuals are well-informed about the benefits and risks of AOMs.