In post-normal science (PNS), the emergence of extended peer communities (EPCs) is a key process to deal with problems involving high uncertainty, high stakes, disputed values, and urgent decisions. However, the challenges and opportunities related to the emergence of EPCs in contentious territories-such as many across the Global South-are poorly understood. Therefore, we conducted an investigation to address two research questions: (1) Are there any indispensable social, institutional, and/or techno-scientific conditions for the emergence of EPCs coherent with PNS? and (2) How can EPCs in contentious territories of the Global South overcome adverse contextual conditions for their emergence and development? We addressed our first question through interviews with world-renowned experts in post-normal science. To answer our second question, we conducted a case study and analyzed a public consultation process led by the municipal government of Morelia, Mexico, as an alleged effort to democratize decision-making regarding local environmental conservation strategies. Our results show that (1) In PNS, EPCs can emerge as evolving problem-resolution processes despite adverse contextual conditions, though they don't necessarily solve problems or political controversies; and (2) EPCs are bounded by their contextual conditions, which in some contexts of the Global South-like Mexico and elsewhere in Latin America-can include violence, coercion, and large power imbalances. Yet, contextual conditions aren't inherently challenges or opportunities for the emergence of EPCs. Therefore, we argue that in PNS (and related collaborative science approaches) it is crucial to analyze contextual conditions to strengthen EPCs.
