Integrated demand response modeling and optimization technologies supporting energy internet

Energy transformation and consumption improvements have enhanced the planning and utilization of various energy sources. With the rapid expansion of integrated energy systems (IES), integrated demand response (IDR) can contribute to the response by suppressing demand and facilitating the conversion and storage of multiple energy sources, thereby enabling users to participate more freely in network regulation. The article introduces novel concept of IDR, hierarchical interaction structure, and adaptable response resources. It categorizes IDR into four response modes based on load reduction and transfer, load substitution and conversion, contractual agreements, and market interaction control, considering the level of response mode and the initiative/passivity of users. Additionally, it details the modeling process for these four types of IDR. Finally, the paper explores significant technological constraints and future development opportunities for IDR, focusing on intelligent deployment, accurate modeling, market management, intelligent information technology, flexible demand resources, and summarized the risks and challenges in the implementation of IDR. The development of IDR contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).