Unprecedented recent warming as recorded by tree-ring in the western Qinling Mountains, China

Ongoing climatic warming is obvious and has significantly affected the ecosystem of the Qinling Mountains, the highest mountain region in mainland of Eastern China. Putting the progressive warming into a long-term perspective is challenging in the region due to the shortness of instrumental records. Here, we present an annual (December-November) minimum temperature reconstruction for the western Qinling Mountains from 1675 CE. The study area has experienced a continuous warming since the 1860s, and the temperature after the 1980s is unprecedented over the past three centuries. The similar variations between our reconstruction and temperature reconstructions for Asia and Northern Hemisphere indicate the close linkage between the thermal variation in the western Qinling Mountains and large-scale climate systems. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) may be the primary driver influencing regional climate during the past three centuries. In addition, solar activity, strong volcanic eruption and greenhouse gas forcing have potential effects on temperature variations in the western Qinling Mountains. This study provides a long-term context for observed warming, which may have implications for warming prediction and adaptation in the western Qinling Mountains.